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Domestication and early experiences in chickens : Behavior, stress and gene expression

機譯：雞的馴化和早期經(jīng)驗：行為，壓力和基因表達

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摘要

A number of animal species have undergone domestication, the process of becoming adapted to living in captivity and in proximity to humans. Common for these species is that they have all developed certain traits, including changes to coat color, body size and level of fearfulness. This has been termed the domestic phenotype. Among these traits is also an attenuation of the response to stress, both behaviorally and physiologically. Thus, release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol or corticosterone is lower in domesticated species. However, the underlying mechanism for this is not yet well understood. In this thesis, we have investigated genetic mechanisms for the attenuation of the physiological stress response in ancestral chickens, the Red Junglefowl, and domesticated chickens, the White Leghorn. We found a number of genes that differed in expression between the two breeds in several tissues involved in the stress response. Among the most interesting findings were lower expression of genes involved in production and secretion of ACTH in the pituitary, and in the production of glucocorticoids in the adrenal glands, in the domesticated White Leghorns. We also found higher expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in White Leghorns, indicating that they may have a more efficient negative feedback of the physiological stress response. We then investigated the transcriptome of the chicken pituitary more closely, and we discovered that a number of genes highly involved in several important physiological axes showed differential expression between the ancestral and the domesticated breed. Among these were genes involved in the stress response, the reproductive system, and in metabolism and growth. As these traits are modified in domesticated species, our results suggest that changes to gene expression in the pituitary may be an important underlying factor of the domestic phenotype. A separate aim of this thesis was to investigate effects of hatching time in chickens on their subsequent phenotype. Time of hatching constitutes an early experience that may differ between individuals, and we therefore hypothesized that differences in hatching time would affect chickens later in life. While a number of studies have been performed on hatching time and post-hatch growth, very little work has been done on effects on behavior. We found that the time of hatching had sex-specific effects. Hatching times in females were negatively correlated with body weight, whereas in males, behaviors such as reaction to novelty and spatial learning were affected. As time of hatching is governed by various hormones, including thyroid hormone and corticosterone, we suggest that changes to the levels of these hormones could affect both hatching time and post-hatch phenotypes. Understanding these mechanisms better would be beneficial in terms of production, where batch homogeneity is important, in research on early experiences and the potential for maternal programming, and in evolutionary questions on trade-off between different life strategies.
機譯：許多動物已經(jīng)馴化，成為適應(yīng)圈養(yǎng)和接近人類生活的過程。這些物種的共同點是它們都具有一定的特征，包括外衣顏色，體型和恐懼程度的變化。這被稱為家庭表型。在這些特征中，行為和生理上對應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的減弱。因此，在馴化的物種中，諸如皮質(zhì)醇或皮質(zhì)酮的糖皮質(zhì)激素的釋放較低。但是，對此的潛在機制尚未很好理解。在這篇論文中，我們研究了遺傳機制，以減輕祖先雞紅色叢林雞和家養(yǎng)雞白來亨雞的生理應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。我們在涉及應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的幾個組織中發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩個品種之間表達差異的許多基因。最有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一是垂體ACTH的產(chǎn)生和分泌，以及家養(yǎng)的白來亨雞的腎上腺中糖皮質(zhì)激素的產(chǎn)生所涉及的基因的較低表達。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)白來亨雞中糖皮質(zhì)激素受體的表達更高，表明它們可能對生理應(yīng)激反應(yīng)具有更有效的負反饋。然后，我們更加仔細地研究了雞垂體的轉(zhuǎn)錄組，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)許多與幾個重要生理軸高度相關(guān)的基因在祖先和家養(yǎng)品種之間表現(xiàn)出差異表達。這些基因涉及應(yīng)激反應(yīng)，生殖系統(tǒng)以及新陳代謝和生長。由于這些特征在馴養(yǎng)物種中得到了修飾，我們的結(jié)果表明，垂體中基因表達的變化可能是馴養(yǎng)表型的重要基礎(chǔ)因素。本論文的另一個目的是研究孵化時間對雞后續(xù)表型的影響。孵化時間構(gòu)成了個體之間可能有所不同的早期經(jīng)驗，因此我們推測，孵化時間的差異會影響雞的壽命。盡管已經(jīng)進行了許多關(guān)于孵化時間和孵化后生長的研究，但是關(guān)于行為影響的研究卻很少。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)孵化時間具有性別特異性的影響。女性的孵化時間與體重呈負相關(guān)，而男性的孵化時間則對新奇反應(yīng)和空間學習產(chǎn)生影響。由于孵化時間受各種激素（包括甲狀腺激素和皮質(zhì)酮）控制，我們建議這些激素水平的變化可能會影響孵化時間和孵化后的表型。更好地理解這些機制將有利于生產(chǎn)，其中批次的同質(zhì)性很重要，有利于早期經(jīng)驗的研究和孕產(chǎn)婦編程的潛力，以及有關(guān)不同生活策略之間權(quán)衡的進化問題。

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  • 作者

    L?tvedt, Pia Katrine;

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  • 年度 2017
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  • 正文語種 eng
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